Ex vivo exposure to different types of graphene-based nanomaterials consistently alters human blood secretome

The biomedical applications of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBN) have significantly grown in the last years. Many these suppose their intravenous exposure and, this way, GBN could encounter blood cells triggering an immunological response unknown effects. Consequently, understanding relationships between and immune system should be a prerequisite for its adequate use biomedicine. In present study, we conducted little explored ex vivo method order to study complexity secretome given by interactions cells. Blood samples from different healthy donors were exposed three types widely used field. sense, graphene oxide (GO), nanoplatelets (GNPs), nanoribbons (GNRs) panel 105 proteins representatives evaluated. results show broad changes both cytokines number expression levels, with important inflammatory markers. Furthermore, indirect soft-agar assay was as tool unravel global functional impact found changes. Our indicate that GBN-induced altered can modify natural anchorage-independent growth capacity HeLa cells, model. As conclusion, describes innovative approach potential harmful effects GBN, providing relevant data considered context when are planned patients.